Internet Glossary: Useful Terms to Know

You’ll see a bunch of terminology when you’re shopping for internet service or filtering through plan details. Some you know, others are nebulous and tend to overlap. Broadband. Bandwidth. What are they? Are they the same? Different? 

Whether you’re shopping or comparing internet providers, optimizing your internet for remote work, or fine-tuning your router settings for epic online gaming, this guide is for you. This internet glossary has over 100 definitions to help you make the right decision and get the most out of your type of internet connection. 

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Internet Glossary Key Takeaways

• This glossary covers over 100 internet terms and definitions, from broadband basics to security and streaming.
• You’ll learn what providers mean by bandwidth, Mbps, latency, and data caps, and how they affect your connection.
• You’ll find concise explanations of various connection types, including fiber, cable, DSL, satellite, fixed wireless, and 5G home internet.
• Use this page as a reference whenever terminology or plan details get confusing.

Common Internet Terms Cheat Sheet

Connection Types & Broadband Technology 

Broadband 

Broadband describes any and all of the broad range of frequencies (bands) used to transmit internet signals. There are several different frequencies, otherwise known as connection types, such as fiber, DSL, cable, and satellite.  

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC)defines broadband as internet with at least 100 Mbps download and 20 Mbps upload speeds. 

Connection Type 

There are different types of internet connections based on various technologies and equipment used. Fiber-optic, cable, DSL, and satellite are some of the most prevalent internet connection types. 

Cable Internet 

A network that uses electrical signals to create a connection from an internet service provider to the home. Because it runs on the same coaxial cables as cable TV service, cable internet is widely available and offers higher bandwidth than DSL and fixed-wireless. 

DOCSIS 4.0 

DOCSIS 4.0 is the latest cable internet technology standard that lets cable providers deliver much faster speeds (often multi-gigabit) over existing coaxial lines. It’s designed to boost both download and upload performance and keep cable internet competitive with fiber as demand for speed and reliability grows. 

DSL Internet 

An internet connection type that uses pre-existing cable lines (specifically phone lines) to deliver internet service to homes. If you have phone lines to your home, you most likely have access to DSL internet service. 

Fiber Internet / Fiber-Optic Internet 

An internet connection that uses light, rather than electric signals, to transfer data along fiber-optic cables. These cables are made up of thin, transparent glass fibers that transmit data at the speed of light. Fiber internet offers the fastest speeds, delivers the greatest home coverage, and supports the most device connectivity among current connection types. 

Fixed Wireless Internet 

An internet connection that uses a dish or antenna to receive an internet signal that is broadcast from a fixed cellular or radio tower to surrounding areas. Modern fixed wireless, especially 5G home internet, can deliver 100–300+ Mbps for many homes, with some plans advertising speeds up to 1 Gbps in select areas. It’s a growing internet service that offers low latency and decent data rates. Performance does depend on distance to the tower, line of sight, and network congestion. 

Gigabit Internet 

Gigabit internet is ultra-fast broadband service that can deliver speeds up to 1,000 Mbps (1 Gbps), usually over fiber or advanced cable networks. It’s designed for homes that stream 4K video, game online, and run many devices at once without slowdowns. 

Satellite Internet 

A wireless internet connection that uses space technology to send and receive data. Internet signal is transmitted between the internet provider’s main hub, an orbiting satellite, and a dish at the customer’s property. It is available virtually anywhere in the US, but it is subject to unreliability at times due to bad weather and the distance signals must travel. Satellite providers can offer high-speed internet ranging from 25-200 Mbps, which is best suited for rural areas. There are two types of satellite internet systems:  

Low-Earth Orbit Satellite Internet

Also known as LEO, this is a new connection type where small satellites orbit 500 to 2,000 kilometers above Earth. This delivers speeds of 50–250 Mbps, lower latency, and expanding coverage. Since these constellations orbit closer to Earth, they require a large number of satellites and have a life span of about five years. Starlink is one of the largest LEO satellite providers and now serves millions of customers worldwide. 

GEO (geosynchronous orbit) satellite internet 

Geosynchronous orbit (GEO) satellite internet uses satellites orbiting about 22,000 miles up to beam internet to and from a dish at your home. Because the satellites stay in a fixed position over the same spot on Earth, GEO satellite internet can cover huge areas, including many rural locations that can’t get cable or fiber. The trade-off is slower speeds (25-100 Mbps) and higher latency (600+ ms) than LEO, which you may notice in online gaming, video calls, or any activity that needs quick responses. 

Wi-Fi 6 / Wi-Fi 6E / Wi-Fi 7 

Wi-Fi 6, Wi-Fi 6E, and Wi-Fi 7 are newer generations of Wi-Fi that make your home network faster, more efficient, and better at handling lots of devices. Wi-Fi 6 improves speed and performance, Wi-Fi 6E opens up extra “fast lanes” on the 6 GHz band, and Wi-Fi 7 pushes speeds and responsiveness even further for things like 4K/8K streaming, cloud gaming, and AR/VR. 

5G 

Fifth-generation internet technology, or 5G, is the latest evolution in wireless networks that replaces 4G, 3G, and LTE. 5G networks are powered by millimeter wave (mmWave) technology that operates on three different bands: low-band, mid-band, and high-band. Each band has the capacity to carry different speeds, 100 Mbps, 1,000 Mbps, and 10 Gbps respectively. 5G powers mobile and 5G home internet services. 

5G home internet 

5G home internet is a type of fixed wireless service that uses nearby 5G cell towers to deliver broadband to your home instead of copper or fiber lines. A 5G gateway or modem in your house picks up the wireless signal and creates a Wi-Fi network for your devices. It can offer fast speeds and simple pricing, but performance can vary based on your location, signal strength, and network congestion. 

Internet Provider Plans Terms

Internet plan details are the fine print that explain what you’re really getting for the price you see in the ad or provider’s website. Understanding a few key terms from this internet glossary makes it much easier to compare offers side by side. 

Speed (download and upload, in Mbps)

• Download Speed: How fast data is transferred to your device. Download speed is what is advertised on providers’ websites and ads. 
• Upload Speed: How fast data is transferred from your device.
• Make sure the plan meets or beats the current FCC broadband benchmarks (100 Mbps download, 20 Mbps upload) and has enough Mbps for your household. 

Connection type (fiber, cable, DSL, satellite, fixed wireless, 5G home internet) 

Note which internet connection type the provider or plan uses:

• Fiber
• Cable
• 5G home internet
• Satellite
• DSL
• Fixed wireless

Speed, latency, and reliability vary by connection type. 

When possible, prioritize fiber, cable, then 5G home interent; choose satellite or fixed wireless when wired options aren’t available. 

Data caps / data allowance 

• Look for terms like data cap, unlimited data, data allowance, or data policy.
• If the plan has a cap, check what happens when you hit it: speed throttling, overage fees, or both.
• Some satellite internet plans have high-speed data limits that when met, unlimited deprioritized (slower) speeds exist for the remainder of the billing period.

Latency & Performance Needs 

• Plans rarely list latency, but connection type matters: fiber, cable, and 5G home internet tend to have lower latency than satellite and DSL.
• If you game online or work remotely with frequent video conferences, lower latency should be a top consideration as you choose a service.

Price: promo vs. regular rate 

• Identify whether the listed price is an introductory promo and how long it lasts.
• Look for the standard rate after the promo, plus extra fees, taxes, and equipment charges so you know the real monthly cost.

Equipment and installation 

• Check whether a modem, router, or gateway is included or rented, and what the monthly equipment fee is.
• See if there are installation or activation fees, and whether any are waived with online orders or autopay.

Contract (internet contract) 

An internet contract is an agreement between you and your internet service provider that locks in your service, price, and terms for a set period of time, often 12 to 24 months. Contracts can sometimes come with lower promo prices or extra perks, but they usually include penalties if you cancel early, change plans, or move outside the service area before the term is up. Some providers and plans feature no contracts or month-to-month, which are attractive for renters and short-term tennants. 

Early termination fees (ETFs) 

Early termination fees are charges your ISP bills you if you cancel an internet contract before the end of the agreed term. Depending on the provider, ETFs may be a flat fee or a prorated amount that shrinks as you get closer to the end of the contract. Before you sign up, it’s worth checking how much you’d owe if you need to switch providers, downgrade service, or move before your contract is over. 

Internet Bundles and Extras

• See whether the plan is part of an internet bundle with TV, phone, or mobile service and if that bundle is actually cheaper than buying services separately.
• \Consider whether perks like streaming service credits, Wi-Fi extenders, or free installation are worth it for your household.

Internet Speed, Data & Performance Terms 

Bandwidth 

Bandwidth is the maximum amount of data your internet connection can move at once. It’s capacity. It’s often described in terms of internet speed, measured in megabits per second (Mbps). Your plan’s advertised bandwidth stays the same unless you upgrade, but your actual speeds can still fluctuate throughout the day. 

Mbps 

Mbps stands for megabits per second and is the most common way to measure internet speed. It tells you how much data can move through your connection each second. The higher the Mbps, the more you can stream, download, and browse without bogging down your connection. 

MB (megabyte) / MBps (megabytes per second) 

MB stands for megabyte, a unit used to measure file size (how big a download or document is). MBps (different from Mbps) means megabytes per second and is sometimes used to describe data transfer speed. One megabyte equals 8 megabits, so 1 MBps is about 8 Mbps. 

Download Speed 

The measurement of how fast you can receive data from the internet to your connected device at a given time. Internet-based activities like streaming movies or working from home require download speeds to work properly. 

Upload Speed 

This is a measure of how fast you can send data from your connected device to the internet. Internet-based activities like posting photos to your Facebook or uploading a file to the cloud require upload speeds to work. 

Latency 

Latency is the measurement of time it takes for data to transfer from your device, to its destination, and back. 

Jitter 

Jitter is the variation or “wobble” in how long it takes data packets to travel across your internet connection. Even if your average latency is low, high jitter means those packets are arriving at uneven times, which can cause choppy video calls, robotic-sounding audio, or lag spikes in online games. 

Ping 

A ping is a test to confirm a connection to a network server. This test sends a data packet to the server to see if it comes back. If it does, a connection is active. 

Ping time 

This measures how fast a data packet travels to a server for testing and back. When it takes more than a few seconds, you will likely experience jitter in your connection. Most speed tests include this in its results. 

Network Congestion 

A situation where internet traffic flowing through a network reaches or exceeds its maximum bandwidth capacity. When this happens, a user may notice slower speeds than usual. This commonly occurs during peak hours of the day where users are online the most, usually between 7 PM and 11 PM. 

Data Allowance 

This is an allotted amount of data per month or billing period you’re able to use for your connected devices. Some internet providers use data allowances to regulate their networks and avoid congestion, however, other providers offer access to unlimited data. 

Throttling 

When a provider intentionally slows down your internet connection. Usually, providers do this to level out network traffic and minimize bandwidth congestion. 

Symmetrical Speeds 

When an internet plan offers the same upload and download speeds. This typically costs more than traditional internet packages and is only available with select internet connections. 

Security, Privacy & Online Safety Terms 

Cybersecurity 

The use of application software to protect your devices, networks, and systems from cyber-attacks. There are many online privacy and security tools you can choose from that are both affordable and easy to set up and use. 

Malware 

Short for “malicious software,” malware is used to steal data or even threaten ransom by encrypting files. Various malware types may include viruses, ransomware, and spyware. 

Virus 

A computer program used to “infect” a system with destructive code in order to gain unauthorized access to personal information and data. 

Spyware 

A type of malware hackers use to obtain personal information about a user’s internet data. 

Ransomware 

A form of malware that encrypts your files and will only release the encryption key when the victim sends the demanded ransom payment. 

Firewall 

A system used for monitoring inbound and outbound traffic between a network and connected devices. Firewalls are commonly used to protect infrastructure, censor the internet, and/or restrict access to certain websites.  

Encryption 

The process of turning data into cryptic code to prevent unauthorized parties from accessing it. Generally, your internet data and activity is not fully encrypted, making it vulnerable to potential hackers and cyber threats. 

VPN (Virtual Private Network) 

A network that creates a secure and private internet connection for devices to protect your privacy and personal information. A VPN masks your IP address, so online snoopers can’t track your data. 

VPN Client 

This term refers to a VPN provider’s desktop or mobile application. It’s used to connect your device(s) to a VPN server. 

DNS (Domain Name System) 

A naming system that translates web addresses (URLs) into numerical IP addresses. This method is usually performed by a user’s ISP, making every website you visit known to your internet provider. 

DNS Leak 

A DNS leak means your DNS information is unprotected by a secure connection, exposing your web traffic and real IP address to your ISP. The best way to avoid this is to install a secure VPN with DNS leak protection. 

IP (Internet Protocol) Address 

Each internet-connected device is identified with a unique numerical combination known as an IP address, which translates your physical location to ISPs and websites you browse. To enhance your privacy, we recommend using a VPN to hide your IP address and prevent any location tracking on your devices. 

IP Leak 

This occurs when a secure connection fails or briefly drops and exposes the true IP address of a connected device. We recommend using a VPN that offers DNS and IP leak protection to prevent online snoopers from monitoring or tracking your activity. 

Phishing 

A tactic that hackers use to retrieve information from online consumers. These scams typically come in the form of an email or text message and can look inconspicuous at first glance. Phishing emails, for example, often mimic emails from familiar companies like your ISP or bank. The scammer’s goal is to steal your personal information, so they can use it to open new accounts or tamper with your existing ones. 

Tor 

Also known as “The Onion Router,” Tor is a free, open-source software program that keeps your web browsing anonymous. It’s grown in popularity by dark web users, but also has become more prevalent by everyday internet visitors looking for a higher level of privacy. 

Deep Web & Dark Web 

While used interchangeably, these two terms mean different things. 

The Deep Web refers to all the websites not indexed or found on regular search engines like Bing or Google. These websites end with the suffix .onion rather than .com or .gov and can only be accessed through private networks including Tor (The Onion Router) or I2P (Invisible Internet Project). 

On the whole, it is completely legal to access sites on the Deep Web. In fact, it’s the main avenue for most people living under oppressive governments, and some VPN providers like NordVPN even have .onion mirror versions of their site for them to access on the Deep Web. 

In contrast, many sites on the Dark Web are illegal. This is a section of the Deep Web that’s mostly used for illegal activity, which is why we recommend staying away from it entirely. 

Two Factor Authentication 

When a user needs to complete two layers of authentication to access an app or account. Typically, the first layer of authentication is entering your account username and password. The second layer can be entering a code of numbers sent to the phone on file or a biometric scan of a fingerprint or face. 

Geo-Blocking 

The practice of restricting access to online content based on a user’s location (i.e. IP address). Companies typically use this tactic so a user cannot access illegal content due to copyright licensing or local laws. Many streaming services like Netflix and YouTube use geo-blocking, but users have found VPNs for streaming to circumvent these restrictions. 

Programs, Policy & Government Support Terms 

FCC (Federal Communications Commission) 

A government agency that regulates communications services and infrastructure in all 50 states. Its goals are to monitor, support, and improve the telecommunications industry via grants, subsidy projects, and new legislation. 

BEAD Program (Broadband Equity, Access, and Deployment Program) 

The BEAD Program is a federal grant program created by the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) to expand high-speed internet access across the United States. It provides $42.45 billion in funding to states and territories to build and upgrade broadband networks, especially in unserved and underserved areas—so more households, businesses, and community institutions can get reliable, affordable high-speed internet. 

Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) 

A federal act that authorizes funds for transit programs, broadband deployments, and financial aid for corporations and low-income households. 

Lifeline Program 

An FCC program that partners with ISPs nationwide to offer discounted services to qualifying individuals. Many internet providers offer Lifeline plans or basic internet packages to assist low-income households. 

Emergency Broadband Benefit (EBB) Program 

The Emergency Broadband Benefit (EBB) was a temporary FCC relief program created during the COVID-19 pandemic to help low-income families, students, and households pay for internet service. Depending on eligibility, qualifying households could receive: 

• Up to $50 per month toward a broadband internet plan
• Up to $75 per month toward a broadband plan on certain Tribal lands
• A one-time discount of up to $100 toward a computer (laptop, desktop, or tablet) with a small customer co-pay

Each eligible household could receive support for one monthly broadband plan and one device discount. The EBB Program later transitioned to the Affordable Connectivity Program (ACP), which has ended due to funding expiration. 

Affordable Connectivity Program (ACP) 

The Affordable Connectivity Program was a federal broadband benefit that helped eligible households pay for internet service with a $30 per month discount (up to $75 per month on qualifying Tribal lands). At its peak, it supported roughly 23 million households, but funding lapsed and the program effectively ended on June 1, 2024. Families looking for help now can explore the ongoing Lifeline program, as well as low-income or “cheap internet” plans from individual internet providers (link to your HSO cheap internet/low-income internet resources here). 

Devices, Hardware & Home Network Terms 

Modem 

Hardware that’s considered the gateway between your personal network and the world internet. This is hard wired into your home for direct access. 

Router 

A router is a device that communicates with your modem and acts as a switchboard for all the various devices connected to your network. Today, it’s common to rent or buy a router/modem combo. 

Wi-Fi 

The connection we make from our devices to open networks using radio waves instead of hard lines. You need a router to connect to the internet wirelessly. 

Wi-Fi Extender 

Also referred to as a Wi-Fi repeater or booster, this plug-in device helps extend the range of your existing network by re-broadcasting Wi-Fi signal from your router. 

Mesh Wi-Fi 

A system of mesh-enabled routers working together to provide full Wi-Fi coverage. Mesh routers (i.e. “hubs” or “nodes”) are placed around the house and communicate with one another to amplify and disperse WiFi signals evenly throughout. This helps with “dead zones” where internet connection drops. 

Wi-Fi 6 / Wi-Fi 6E / Wi-Fi 7 

Wi-Fi 6, Wi-Fi 6E, and Wi-Fi 7 are newer generations of Wi-Fi that make your home network faster, more efficient, and better at handling lots of devices. Wi-Fi 6 improves speed and performance, Wi-Fi 6E opens up extra “fast lanes” on the 6 GHz band, and Wi-Fi 7 pushes speeds and responsiveness even further for things like 4K/8K streaming, cloud gaming, and AR/VR. 

Guest Wi-Fi 

A separate access point on your network that allows visitors to use the internet without having the ability to change your home network settings. New routers offer the ability to create a guest Wi-Fi login just for this purpose. 

Landline 

A home phone service available through your internet service provider. 

Server 

Also known as a “node,” a server is a computer that processes search requests and delivers data between two devices over the internet or a local area network (LAN). 

Network 

An infrastructure that connects computers to one another and allows users to access and share data across devices. 

UI (User Interface) 

The methods a person uses to interact with a device. Think of it as the combination of screens, buttons, and gestures that help a device function. 

UX (User Experience) 

The experience of a user when they interact with a company’s website or application. This includes everything from branding and the user interface design to the customer journey and end products. 

Satellite Dish 

A bowl-shaped antenna used to receive or transmit signals from satellites in space. A satellite dish or receive is essential for satellite internet. 

Streaming, TV & Everyday Internet Use Terms 

Streaming Service 

A digital provider that delivers content online via an internet connection. Streaming services like Netflix and Amazon Prime offer everything from popular TV shows and movies to original content and music videos, and they tend to be cheaper than traditional TV services. 

Cable TV 

A network that delivers TV programming from a service provider to a home using coaxial or fiber-optic cables. Data is transmitted through a series of these cables via voice and video signals and then unscrambled so you can watch shows on your television set. Many cable TV providers offer internet services you can bundle together for more savings on your monthly bill. 

Satellite TV 

A wireless television service that delivers television programming to households using satellite technology. Like satellite internet, satellite TV is available nearly everywhere in the US since signals are transmitted through a satellite orbiting high about the Earth. While satellite internet is a solid rural internet solution, satellite TV competes with other subscription TV services no matter where you live. 

Bundles 

In addition to the internet, ISPs may offer other services like TV, home security, home phone, and mobile phone that a customer can bundle with an internet plan or group into one plan for additional savings. 

E-Commerce 

The activity of electronically buying or selling goods and services over the internet. For example, Amazon is an e-commerce store. 

Remote Learning 

When you attend school virtually instead of in-person. There are many resources and internet tools available to help remote students get the same level of education at home. 

Telecommuting 

The practice of working remotely for your job. If you are a remote worker, it’s important to have a reliable internet connection to support your work. 

Traffic (website) 

This refers to the number of web users who visit a particular website. It’s measured in “visits” or “sessions.” 

Traffic (network traffic) 

Network traffic is the flow of data traveling across a network or internet connection at any given time. It includes everything your devices are doing online—streaming, browsing, downloads, video calls, gaming, and app updates. When there’s a lot of traffic on the same network or in your area, it can lead to network congestion, which may slow down your speeds or cause buffering and lag. 

General Web & Tech Terms 

Browser 

A free software application used to access and interact with websites. When a user requests a webpage from a site, the browser retrieves the related content from a web server (in the form of HTML and XML computer code), converts it into readable content, and then displays it on the user’s device. 

Popular web browsers include Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and DuckDuckGo. 

Browser Extension 

A downloadable add-on or a plug-in for web browsers that enhance its functionality. These programs typically provide extra features and solutions for certain tasks via a web browser. 

Cache 

Data temporarily stored on your computer that a user can access quicker than if you tried recalling it from a new server or from your computer’s main hard drive. It’s pronounced “cash.” 

Cookies 

Small text files on your device are used for various reasons, including website preferences, user-experience optimizations, remembering login information, and tracking. 

Web page 

A document on the internet that’s displayed to a user with a web browser. 

URL 

Short for “Uniform Resource Locator,” this is the address of a webpage. 

Hyperlink 

A link between one document or file online to another location on the web. It’s typically shown as a highlighted word or a clickable image. 

Cloud  

Used as a shared benefit, the Cloud refers to online services and software that run virtually on the internet, rather than on local hardware. 

Open Source 

Software with source code that is freely accessible for anyone to inspect, modify, and distribute. This allows users to check for any vulnerabilities and intelligently rate the software’s reliability for other potential users. 

CSS 

An acronym for the code language used to style and display content on websites. It stands for “Cascading Style Sheet.” 

Meta Description 

A brief summary of a webpage that’s displayed in a search engine results page (SERP). This gives a user a quick overview of what content the page contains. 

RAM 

Short for “Random Access Memory”, RAM is a computer’s short-term memory. It’s used for managing active tasks like games, streams, and apps. The more RAM you have, the faster your device will be since it has more storage capacity to handle a lot of information at once. 

Parental Controls 

Features included in many devices, mobile apps, and internet services that allow parents to restrict access to content for their children. Content filters, app blocking, and location tracking are a few common parental controls. 

Router (and Gateway) Settings 

Router settings are the options you can adjust on your router or gateway to improve speed, reliability, and security on your Wi-Fi network. Most routers let you change these settings through a web dashboard or mobile app. Even minor adjustments can make your internet feel faster and safer. 

Network name (SSID) and Wi-Fi password 

Give your network a unique name and use a strong, hard-to-guess password. Avoid leaving the default name and password that came with the router. 

Security mode (WPA2 / WPA3) 

Use WPA2 or WPA3 security to keep strangers off your network. Older options like WEP are outdated and much easier to break into. 

Firmware updates 

Your router runs its own software (firmware). Keeping it updated fixes bugs, improves performance, and patches security flaws. Most routers let you check for updates in the settings or app. 

Quality of Service (QoS) 

QoS settings let you prioritize certain devices or activities, like video calls, streaming, or gaming. This helps those tasks stay smooth even when other people are downloading files or streaming at the same time. 

2.4 GHz vs 5 GHz (and 6 GHz on newer routers) 

Many routers broadcast on multiple bands. 

• 2.4 GHz: better range, slower speeds.
• 5 GHz (and 6 GHz): faster speeds, shorter range.

Choosing the right band for each device can help improve performance and reduce interference. 

Internet Glossary A to Z 

Ad Blocker 

A software program—often packaged as a browser extension or add-on—that outright blocks or partially prevents advertisements from displaying on web pages. Some ad blockers can also block ad-based malware and cross-site tracking. 

Affordable Connectivity Program (ACP) 

The Affordable Connectivity Program was a federal broadband benefit that helped eligible households pay for internet service with a $30 per month discount (up to $75 per month on qualifying Tribal lands). At its peak, it supported roughly 23 million households, but funding lapsed and the program effectively ended on June 1, 2024. Families looking for help now can explore the ongoing Lifeline program, as well as low-income or “cheap internet” plans from individual internet providers (link to your HSO cheap internet/low-income internet resources here). 

Bandwidth 

Bandwidth is the maximum amount of data your internet connection can move at once. It’s capacity. It’s often described in terms of internet speed, measured in megabits of data sent per second (Mbps). Your bandwidth stays the same unless you upgrade, but your actual speeds can still fluctuate throughout the day. 

BEAD Program (Broadband Equity, Access, and Deployment Program) 

The BEAD Program is a federal grant program created by the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) to expand high-speed internet access across the United States. It provides $42.45 billion in funding to states and territories to build and upgrade broadband networks—especially in unserved and underserved areas—so more households, businesses, and community institutions can get reliable, affordable high-speed internet. 

Broadband 

Broadband describes any and all of the broad range of frequencies (bands) used to transmit internet signals. There are several different frequencies, otherwise known as connection types, such as fiber, DSL, cable, and satellite.  

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) defines broadband as internet with at least 100 Mbps download and 20 Mbps upload speeds. 

Browser 

A free software application used to access and interact with websites. When a user requests a webpage from a site, the browser retrieves the related content from a web server (in the form of HTML and XML computer code), converts it into readable content, and then displays it on the user’s device. 

Popular web browsers include Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and DuckDuckGo. 

Browser Extension 

A downloadable add-on or a plug-in for web browsers that enhance its functionality. These programs typically provide extra features and solutions for certain tasks via a web browser. 

Bit 

Internet speed is measured in bits per second (bps). Relayed in zeros and ones, a bit is the smallest unit of computer information and is the most common way ISPs refer to speeds in their internet plans. 

Bundles 

In addition to the internet, ISPs may offer other services like TV, home security, or phone that a customer can bundle with an internet plan for additional savings. 

Byte 

1 byte equals 8 bits. Bytes are used to refer to how much data is being transferred while using the internet and are occasionally used in advertised internet plans. 

Cable Internet 

A network that uses electrical signals to create a connection from an internet service provider to the home. Because it runs on the same coaxial cables as cable TV service, cable internet is widely available and offers higher bandwidth than DSL and fixed-wireless. 

Cable TV 

A network that delivers TV programming from a service provider to a home using coaxial or fiber-optic cables. Data is transmitted through a series of these cables via voice and video signals and then unscrambled so you can watch shows on your television set. Many cable TV providers offer internet services you can bundle together for more savings on your monthly bill. 

Cache 

Data temporarily stored on your computer that a user can access quicker than if you tried recalling it from a new server or from your computer’s main hard drive. It’s pronounced “cash.” 

Censorship 

The suppression of public information and speech is carried out by authoritative governments, private institutions, or powerful individuals. If you live in a country that enforces censorship, we highly recommend using a top-rated VPN for anonymity when expressing free speech or attempting to access restricted content. 

Cloud  

Used as a shared benefit, the Cloud refers to online services and software that run virtually on the internet, rather than on local hardware. 

Contract (internet contract) 

An internet contract is an agreement between you and your internet service provider (ISP) that locks in your service, price, and terms for a set period of time—often 12 to 24 months. Contracts can sometimes come with lower promo prices or extra perks, but they usually include penalties if you cancel early, change plans, or move outside the service area before the term is up. Some providers and plans feature no contracts or month-to-month, which are attractive for renters and short-term tennants. 

Cookies 

Small text files on your device are used for various reasons, including website preferences, user-experience optimizations, remembering login information, and tracking. 

Web browsers store this personal information when you visit a website to remember your device and details on your activity. We recommend using a secure VPN to hide your cookies and keep yourself anonymous while browsing the internet. 

Connection Type 

There are different types of internet connections based on various technologies and equipment used. Fiber-optic, cable, DSL, and satellite are some of the most popular internet connection types. 

CSS 

An acronym for the code language used to style and display content on websites. It stands for “Cascading Style Sheet.” 

Cybersecurity 

The use of application software to protect your devices, networks, and systems from cyber-attacks. There are many online privacy and security tools you can choose from that are both affordable and easy to set up and use. 

Data Allowance 

This is an allotted amount of data per month you’re able to use for your connected devices. Some internet providers use data allowances to regulate their networks and avoid congestion, however, other providers offer access to unlimited data. 

Data Packet 

Also known as a payload, this is a unit of data that travels through a network from a sender to a receiver. It can contain everything from a user’s search query to their IP address origin and the destination IP address. 

Data Retention 

A company’s policy or law to retain the data of its users. In most cases, internet service providers store user data, such as browsing activity and IP addresses. 

DDoS Attacks 

A malicious attempt to overload a targeted server with additional web traffic. Typically, these attacks serve two purposes: 

1. To slow down or stop your internet connection, and

2. To plant malware on your network.

This is a tactic gamers sometimes use to slow down their competition’s internet speed, but it’s also used by hackers looking to gain unauthorized network access. It’s much easier for hackers to steal personal information like your bank statements or saved passwords once inside. 

Deep Web & Dark Web 

While used interchangeably, these two terms mean different things. 

The Deep Web refers to all the websites not indexed or found on regular search engines like Bing or Google. These websites end with the suffix .onion rather than .com or .gov and can only be accessed through private networks including Tor (The Onion Router) or I2P (Invisible Internet Project). 

On the whole, it is completely legal to access sites on the Deep Web. In fact, it’s the main avenue for most people living under oppressive governments, and some VPN providers like NordVPN even have .onion mirror versions of their site for them to access on the Deep Web. 

In contrast, many sites on the Dark Web are illegal. This is a section of the Deep Web that’s mostly used for illegal activity, which is why we recommend staying away from it entirely. 

Dial-Up Internet 

One of the first internet connections, dial-up utilizes telephone lines to deliver service to homes. However, dial-up speeds are usually less than 1 Mbps, making it the very last option we’d recommend. For the most part, it’s only available in rural areas today. 

DMCA Notice 

This term relates to the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. A DMCA notice is sent to an ISP, web host, or search engine anytime a copyright infringement is linked to their servers. If an ISP is served a DMCA notice, they may choose to throttle that customer’s speeds or disconnect their service altogether. This is not all that common. 

DNS (Domain Name System) 

A naming system that translates web addresses (URLs) into numerical IP addresses. This method is usually performed by a user’s ISP, making every website you visit known to your internet provider. 

DNS Leak 

A DNS leak means your DNS information is unprotected by a secure connection, exposing your web traffic and real IP address to your ISP. The best way to avoid this is to install a secure VPN with DNS leak protection. 

DOCSIS 4.0 

DOCSIS 4.0 is the latest cable internet technology standard that lets cable providers deliver much faster speeds (often multi-gigabit) over existing coaxial lines. It’s designed to boost both download and upload performance and keep cable internet competitive with fiber as demand for speed and reliability grows. 

Domain Name 

In reference to a website, a domain name is an address used to identify a particular site and its related content. 

Download Speed 

The measurement of how fast you can receive data from the internet to your connected device at a given time. Internet-based activities like streaming movies or working from home require download speeds to work properly. 

DSL Internet 

An internet connection type that uses pre-existing cable lines (specifically phone lines) to deliver internet service to homes. If you have phone lines to your home, you most likely have access to DSL internet service. 

Early termination fees (ETFs) 

Early termination fees are charges your ISP bills you if you cancel an internet contract before the end of the agreed term. Depending on the provider, ETFs may be a flat fee or a prorated amount that shrinks as you get closer to the end of the contract. Before you sign up, it’s worth checking how much you’d owe if you need to switch providers, downgrade service, or move before your contract is over. 

E-Commerce 

The activity of electronically buying or selling goods and services over the internet. For example, Amazon is an e-commerce store. 

Emergency Broadband Benefit Program 

The Emergency Broadband Benefit (EBB) was a temporary FCC relief program created during the COVID-19 pandemic to help low-income families, students, and households pay for internet service. Depending on eligibility, qualifying households receive: 

• Up to $50/mo. toward a broadband internet plan
• Up to $75/mo. toward a broadband internet plan on certain Tribal lands
• A one-time discount of up to $100 toward a computer (laptop, desktop, tablet) with a small customer co-pay

Each eligible household could receive support for one monthly broadband plan and one device discount. The EBB Program later transitioned to the Affordable Connectivity Program (ACP), which has ended due to funding expiration. 

Encryption 

The process of turning data into cryptic code to prevent unauthorized parties from accessing it. Generally, your internet data and activity is not fully encrypted, making it vulnerable to potential hackers and cyber threats. 

Ethernet 

A hardwired connection to the internet using ethernet cables. When you connect your computer directly to an ethernet outlet, you’ve created what is referred to as a local area network (LAN). 

FCC (Federal Communications Commission) 

A government agency that regulates communications services and infrastructure in all 50 states. Its goals are to monitor, support, and improve the telecommunications industry via grants, subsidy projects, and new legislation. 

Fiber Internet / Fiber Optic 

An internet connection that uses light, rather than electric signals, to transfer data along fiber-optic cables. These cables are made up of thin, transparent glass fibers that transmit data at the speed of light. Fiber internet offers the fastest speeds, delivers the greatest home coverage, and supports the most device connectivity among current connection types.  

Firewall 

A system used for monitoring inbound and outbound traffic between a network and connected devices. Firewalls are commonly used to protect infrastructure, censor the internet, and/or restrict access to certain websites. The most infamous one today is the Great Firewall of China, which only a few VPNs can successfully bypass today. 

Fixed Wireless Internet 

An internet connection that uses a dish or antenna to receive an internet signal that is broadcast from a fixed cell tower to surrounding areas. Modern fixed wireless, especially 5G home internet, can deliver 100–300+ Mbps for many homes, with some plans advertising speeds up to 1 Gbps in select areas. It’s a growing internet service that offers low latency and decent data rates. Performance does depend on distance to the tower, line of sight, and network congestion. 

GEO (geosynchronous orbit) satellite internet 

Geosynchronous orbit (GEO) satellite internet uses satellites orbiting about 22,000 miles up to beam internet to and from a dish at your home. Because the satellites stay in a fixed position over the same spot on Earth, GEO satellite internet can cover huge areas, including many rural locations that can’t get cable or fiber. The trade-off is slower speeds (25-100 Mbps) and higher latency (600+ ms) than LEO, which you may notice in online gaming, video calls, or any activity that needs quick responses. 

Geo-Blocking 

The practice of restricting access to online content based on a user’s location (i.e. IP address). Companies typically use this tactic so a user cannot access illegal content due to copyright licensing or local laws. Many streaming services like Netflix and Youtube use geo-blocking, but users have found VPNs for streaming to circumvent these restrictions.  

Gigabit Internet 

Gigabit internet is ultra-fast broadband service that can deliver speeds up to 1,000 Mbps (1 Gbps), usually over fiber or advanced cable networks. It’s designed for homes that stream 4K video, game online, and run many devices at once without slowdowns. 

Guest Wi-Fi 

A separate access point on your network that allows visitors to use the internet without having the ability to change your home network settings. New routers offer the ability to create a guest Wi-Fi login just for this purpose. 

Hacker 

A person who uses a computer to gain unauthorized access to personal information and data. They can target individuals and businesses alike and have the technical knowledge required to break through firewalls and other encrypted systems. 

Hidden Fees 

Internet service providers sometimes tack on additional fees not included in their advertised pricing or plan details. Hidden fees include anything from data overages to activation fees. 

HTTP Proxy

A protocol that performs similar to a VPN, but is designed solely for web browsing. When calling on a particular website, an HTTP proxy will filter out suspicious content like malware before accepting a request to open a website. However, when you access websites via an HTTP proxy, your online activity is not secure. For this reason, we recommend only accessing websites using an HTTPS proxy. 

HTTPS Proxy 

This protocol is the second iteration of an HTTP proxy and uses SSL for end-to-end encryption. An HTTPS proxy is designed to secure personal data while browsing the web – the “S” stands for “secure.” 

Hyperlink 

A link between one document or file online to another location on the web. It’s typically shown as a highlighted word or a clickable image. 

Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) 

A federal act that authorizes funds for transit programs, broadband deployments, and financial aid for corporations and low-income households. 

Installation 

The process of setting up an internet connection at your home. This usually involves a professional technician coming to your residence and manually activating a connection to your modem. From there, you can connect an ethernet cable to your computer or router for direct internet access. 

Some ISPs now offer self-installation where they can virtually activate an internet connection and the customer can plug in the equipment themselves. 

Internet 

The internet is a massive network infrastructure connecting millions of computers around the world that allow for the transfer of data (information). 

Internet Speed Test 

A measurement of how fast your internet is at a given time. You can run an internet speed test online, and it usually takes less than one minute to complete. 

When you run a speed test, you receive live stats on your internet connection, including your download speed, upload speed, ping time, and IP address. These stats help gauge the performance of your current connection and confirm whether or not the speeds you pay for actually hold up. 

IP (Internet Protocol) Address 

Each internet-connected device is identified with a unique numerical combination known as an IP address, which translates your physical location to ISPs and websites you browse. To enhance your privacy, we recommend using a VPN to hide your IP address and prevent any location tracking on your devices. 

IP Leak 

This occurs when a secure connection fails or briefly drops and exposes the true IP address of a connected device. We recommend using a VPN that offers DNS and IP leak protection to prevent online snoopers from monitoring or tracking your activity.  

ISP (Internet Service Provider) 

The company that connects your devices to the internet. Many ISPs offer additional services like TV, phone, and home security that you can bundle for greater savings each month. 

Jitter 

Jitter is the variation or “wobble” in how long it takes data packets to travel across your internet connection. Even if your average latency is low, high jitter means those packets are arriving at uneven times, which can cause choppy video calls, robotic-sounding audio, or lag spikes in online games. 

Landline 

A home phone service available through your internet service provider. 

Latency 

Latency is the measurement of time it takes for data to transfer from your device, to its destination, and back. 

Lifeline Program 

An FCC program that partners with ISPs nationwide to offer discounted services to qualifying individuals. Many internet providers offer Lifeline plans or basic internet packages to assist low-income households. 

Low-Earth Orbit Satellite Internet 

Also known as LEO, this is a new connection type where small satellites orbit 500 to 2,000 kilometers above Earth. This delivers speeds of 50-250 Mbps, lower latency, and expanding coverage. Since these constellations orbit closer to Earth, they require a large number of satellites and have a life span of about five years. Starlink is one of the largest LEO satellite providers and now serves millions of customers worldwide. 

Mbps 

Mbps stands formegabits per second and is how the most common way to measure internet speed. It tells you how much data can move through your connection each second. The higher the Mbps, the more you can stream, download, and game without boggind down your connection. 

MB (megabyte) / MBps (megbytes per second) 

MB stands for megabyte, a unit used to measure file size (how big a download or document is). MBps (different from Mbps) means megabytes per second and is sometimes used to describe data transfer speed. One megabyte equals 8 megabits, so 1 MBps is about 8 Mbps. 

Malware 

Short for “malicious software,” malware is used to steal data or even threaten ransom by encrypting files. Various malware types may include viruses, ransomware, and spyware. 

Meta Description 

A brief summary of a webpage that’s displayed in a search engine results page (SERP). This gives a user a quick overview of what content the page contains. 

Modem 

Hardware that’s considered the gateway between your personal network and the world internet. This is hard wired into your home for direct access. 

Mesh Wi-Fi 

A system of mesh-enabled routers working together to provide full Wi-Fi coverage. Mesh routers (i.e. “hubs” or “nodes”) are placed around the house and communicate with one another to amplify and disperse Wi-Fi signals evenly throughout. This helps with “dead zones” where internet connection drops. 

Network 

An infrastructure that connects computers to one another and allows users to access and share data across devices. 

Network Congestion 

A situation where internet traffic flowing through a network reaches or exceeds its maximum bandwidth capacity. When this happens, a user may notice slower speeds than usual. This commonly occurs during “peak hours” of the day where users are online the most, usually between 7 PM and 11 PM. 

Open Source 

Software with source code that is freely accessible for anyone to inspect, modify, and distribute. This allows users to check for any vulnerabilities and intelligently rate the software’s reliability for other potential users. 

Parental Controls 

Features included in many devices, mobile apps, and internet services that allow parents to restrict access to content for their children. Content filters, app blocking, and location tracking are a few common parental controls. 

Phishing 

A tactic that hackers use to retrieve information from online consumers. These scams typically come in the form of an email or text message and can look inconspicuous at first glance. Phishing emails, for example, often mimic emails from familiar companies like your ISP or bank. The scammer’s goal is to steal your personal information, so they can use it to open new accounts or tamper with your existing ones. 

Ping 

A ping is a test to confirm a connection to a network server. This test sends a data packet to the server to see if it comes back. If it does, a connection is active. 

Ping time 

This measures how fast a data packet travels to a server for testing and back. When it takes more than a few seconds, you will likely experience jitter in your connection. Most speed tests include this in its results. 

P2P (Peer-to-Peer) 

This refers to a network where two parties can share and exchange files with each other, instead of getting them through a central server. In most cases, P2P involves using torrenting sites or exchanging cryptocurrency.  

RAM 

Short for “Random Access Memory”, RAM is a computer’s short-term memory. It’s used for managing active tasks like games, streams, and apps. The more RAM you have, the faster your device will be since it has more storage capacity to handle a lot of information at once. 

Ransomware 

A form of malware that encrypts your files and will only release the encryption key when the victim sends the demanded ransom payment. 

Remote Learning 

When you attend school virtually instead of in-person. There are many resources and internet tools available to help remote students get the same level of education at home. 

Router 

A router is a device that communicates with your modem and acts as a switchboard for all the various devices connected to your network. Today, it’s common to rent or buy a router/modem combo. 

Satellite Dish 

A bowl-shaped antenna used to receive or transmit signals from satellites in space. A satellite dish or receiver is essential for satellite internet. 

Satellite Internet 

A wireless internet connection that uses space technology to send and receive data. Internet signal is transmitted between the internet provider’s main hub, an orbiting satellite, and a dish at the customer’s property. It is available virtually anywhere in the US, but it is subject to unreliability at times due to bad weather and the distance signals must travel. Satellite interent providers can offer high-speed internet ranging from 25-200 Mbps, which is best suited for rural areas. There are two types of satellite internet systems: 

Low-Earth Orbit Satellite Internet 

Also known as LEO, this is a new connection type where small satellites orbit 500 to 2,000 kilometers from Earth. This delivers speeds of 50–250 Mbps, lower latency, and expanding coverage. Since these constellations orbit closer to Earth, they require a large number of satellites and have a life span of about five years. Starlink is one of the largest LEO satellite providers and now serves millions of customers worldwide as a fully commercial service. 

GEO (geosynchronous orbit) satellite internet

Geosynchronous orbit (GEO) satellite internet uses satellites orbiting about 22,000 miles up to beam internet to and from a dish at your home. Because the satellites stay in a fixed position over the same spot on Earth, GEO satellite internet can cover huge areas, including many rural locations that can’t get cable or fiber. The trade-off is slower speeds (25-100 Mbps) and higher latency (600+ ms) than LEO, which you may notice in online gaming, video calls, or any activity that needs quick responses. 

Satellite TV 

A wireless television service that delivers television programming to households using satellite technology. Satellite TV requires three separate satellite dishes to receive signals and is available nearly everywhere in the US. One is located at a TV provider,  one is mounted to the roof of a resident, and the third satellite orbits space. 

Security 

In terms of residential services, security is a newer home service that includes both physical hardware (i.e. cameras, smart locks, motion detectors) and virtual assistance. Many ISPs offer home security that you can bundle with your internet, TV, or phone for better protection. 

Server 

Also known as a “node,” a server is a computer that processes search requests and delivers data between two devices over the internet or a local area network (LAN). 

Spyware 

A type of malware hackers use to obtain personal information about a user’s internet data. 

Streaming Service 

A digital provider that delivers content online via an internet connection. Streaming services like Netflix and Amazon Prime offer everything from popular TV shows and movies to original content and music videos, and they tend to be cheaper than traditional TV services. 

Symmetrical Speeds 

When an internet plan offers the same upload and download speeds. This typically costs more than traditional internet packages and is only available with select internet connections. 

Telecom 

A telecommunications company that offers telephone in addition to other communications services like internet or TV. 

Telecommuting 

The practice of working remotely for your job. If you are a remote worker, it’s important to have a reliable internet connection to support your work. 

Throttling 

When an ISP intentionally slows down your internet connection. Usually, ISPs do this to level out network traffic and minimize bandwidth congestion. 

Tor 

Also known as “The Onion Router,” Tor is a free, open-source software program that keeps your web browsing anonymous. It’s grown in popularity by dark web users, but also has become more prevalent by everyday internet visitors looking for a higher level of privacy. 

Traffic 

In terms of the internet, this refers to the number of web users who visit a particular website. It’s measured in “visits” or “sessions.” 

Two Factor Authentication (2FA, MFA)

When a user needs to complete two layers of authentication to access an app or account. Typically, the first layer of authentication is entering your account username and password. The second layer can be entering a code of numbers sent to the phone on file or a biometric scan of a fingerprint or face. 

VPN (Virtual Private Network) 

A network that creates a secure and private internet connection for devices to protect your privacy and personal information. A VPN masks your IP address, so online snoopers can’t track your data. 

VPN Client 

This term refers to a VPN provider’s desktop or mobile application. It’s used to connect your device(s) to a VPN server. 

Upload Speed 

This is a measure of how fast you can send data from your connected device to the internet. Internet-based activities like posting photos to your Facebook or uploading a file to the cloud require upload speeds to work. 

UI (User Interface) 

The methods a person uses to interact with a device. Think of it as the combination of screens, buttons, and gestures that help a device function. 

UX (User Experience) 

The experience of a user when they interact with a company’s website or application. This includes everything from branding and the user interface design to the customer journey and end products. 

URL 

Short for “Uniform Resource Locator,” this is the address of a webpage.  

Virtual Reality 

A 3D simulation of real-life using virtual equipment that requires an internet connection. 

Virus 

A computer program used to “infect” a system with destructive code in order to gain unauthorized access to personal information and data. 

Web page 

A document on the internet that’s displayed to a user with a web browser. 

Wi-Fi 

The connection we make from our devices to open networks using radio waves instead of hard lines. You need a router to connect to the internet wirelessly. 

Wi-Fi 6 / Wi-Fi 6E / Wi-Fi 7 

Wi-Fi 6, Wi-Fi 6E, and Wi-Fi 7 are newer generations of Wi-Fi that make your home network faster, more efficient, and better at handling lots of devices. Wi-Fi 6 improves speed and performance, Wi-Fi 6E opens up extra “fast lanes” on the 6 GHz band, and Wi-Fi 7 pushes speeds and responsiveness even further for things like 4K/8K streaming, cloud gaming, and AR/VR. 

Wi-Fi Extender 

Also referred to as a Wi-Fi repeater or booster, this plug-in device helps extend the range of your existing network by re-broadcasting Wi-Fi signal from your router. 

5G 

Fifth-generation internet technology, or 5G, is the latest evolution in wireless networks that replaces 4G, 3G, and LTE. 5G networks are powered by millimeter wave (mmWave) technology that operates on three different bands: low-band, mid-band, and high-band. Each band has the capacity to carry different speeds, 100 Mbps, 1,000 Mbps, and 10 Gbps respectively. 5G powers mobile and 5G home internet services. 

5G home internet 

5G home internet is a type of fixed wireless service that uses nearby 5G cell towers to deliver broadband to your home instead of copper or fiber lines. A 5G gateway or modem in your house picks up the wireless signal and creates a Wi-Fi network for your devices. It can offer fast speeds and simple pricing, but performance can vary based on your location, signal strength, and network congestion.